Trait Clone

1.6.0 · source

pub trait Clone: Sized {
    // Required method
    fn clone(&self) -> Self;

    // Provided method
    fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) { ... }
}

Expand description

A common trait for the ability to explicitly duplicate an object.

Differs from Copy in that Copy is implicit and an inexpensive bit-wise copy, while Clone is always explicit and may or may not be expensive. In order to enforce these characteristics, Rust does not allow you to reimplement Copy, but you may reimplement Clone and run arbitrary code.

Since Clone is more general than Copy, you can automatically make anything Copy be Clone as well.

§Derivable

This trait can be used with #[derive] if all fields are Clone. The derived implementation of Clone calls clone on each field.

For a generic struct, #[derive] implements Clone conditionally by adding bound Clone on generic parameters.

// `derive` implements Clone for Reading<T> when T is Clone.
#[derive(Clone)]
struct Reading<T> {
    frequency: T,
}

§How can I implement `Clone`?

Types that are Copy should have a trivial implementation of Clone. More formally: if T: Copy, x: T, and y: &T, then let x = y.clone(); is equivalent to let x = *y;. Manual implementations should be careful to uphold this invariant; however, unsafe code must not rely on it to ensure memory safety.

An example is a generic struct holding a function pointer. In this case, the implementation of Clone cannot be derived, but can be implemented as:

struct Generate<T>(fn() -> T);

impl<T> Copy for Generate<T> {}

impl<T> Clone for Generate<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
        *self
    }
}

If we derive:

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct Generate<T>(fn() -> T);

the auto-derived implementations will have unnecessary T: Copy and T: Clone bounds:


// Automatically derived
impl<T: Copy> Copy for Generate<T> { }

// Automatically derived
impl<T: Clone> Clone for Generate<T> {
    fn clone(&self) -> Generate<T> {
        Generate(Clone::clone(&self.0))
    }
}

The bounds are unnecessary because clearly the function itself should be copy- and cloneable even if its return type is not:

#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
struct Generate<T>(fn() -> T);

struct NotCloneable;

fn generate_not_cloneable() -> NotCloneable {
    NotCloneable
}

Generate(generate_not_cloneable).clone(); // error: trait bounds were not satisfied
// Note: With the manual implementations the above line will compile.

§Additional implementors

In addition to the implementors listed below, the following types also implement Clone:

Function item types (i.e., the distinct types defined for each function)
Function pointer types (e.g., fn() -> i32)
Closure types, if they capture no value from the environment or if all such captured values implement Clone themselves. Note that variables captured by shared reference always implement Clone (even if the referent doesn’t), while variables captured by mutable reference never implement Clone.

Required Methods§

1.0.0 · source

fn clone(&self) -> Self

Returns a copy of the value.

§Examples

let hello = "Hello"; // &str implements Clone

assert_eq!("Hello", hello.clone());

Provided Methods§

1.0.0 · source

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Performs copy-assignment from source.

a.clone_from(&b) is equivalent to a = b.clone() in functionality, but can be overridden to reuse the resources of a to avoid unnecessary allocations.

Object Safety§

This trait is not object safe.

Trait CloneCopy item path

§Derivable

§How can I implement Clone?

§Additional implementors

Required Methods§

fn clone(&self) -> Self

§Examples

Provided Methods§

fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self)

Object Safety§

Implementors§

impl Clone for AsciiChar

impl Clone for core::cmp::Ordering

impl Clone for Infallible

impl Clone for core::fmt::Alignment

impl Clone for IpAddr

impl Clone for Ipv6MulticastScope

impl Clone for SocketAddr

impl Clone for FpCategory

impl Clone for IntErrorKind

impl Clone for SearchStep

impl Clone for core::sync::atomic::Ordering

impl Clone for bool

impl Clone for char

impl Clone for f16

impl Clone for f32

impl Clone for f64

impl Clone for f128

impl Clone for i8

impl Clone for i16

impl Clone for i32

impl Clone for i64

impl Clone for i128

impl Clone for isize

impl Clone for !

impl Clone for u8

impl Clone for u16

impl Clone for u32

impl Clone for u64

impl Clone for u128

impl Clone for usize

impl Clone for AllocError

impl Clone for Layout

impl Clone for LayoutError

impl Clone for TypeId

impl Clone for float64x1_t

impl Clone for float64x1x2_t

impl Clone for float64x1x3_t

impl Clone for float64x1x4_t

impl Clone for float64x2_t

impl Clone for float64x2x2_t

impl Clone for float64x2x3_t

impl Clone for float64x2x4_t

impl Clone for float32x2_t

impl Clone for float32x2x2_t

impl Clone for float32x2x3_t

impl Clone for float32x2x4_t

impl Clone for float32x4_t

impl Clone for float32x4x2_t

impl Clone for float32x4x3_t

impl Clone for float32x4x4_t

impl Clone for int8x4_t

impl Clone for int8x8_t

impl Clone for int8x8x2_t

impl Clone for int8x8x3_t

impl Clone for int8x8x4_t

impl Clone for int8x16_t

impl Clone for int8x16x2_t

impl Clone for int8x16x3_t

impl Clone for int8x16x4_t

impl Clone for int16x2_t

impl Clone for int16x4_t

impl Clone for int16x4x2_t

impl Clone for int16x4x3_t

impl Clone for int16x4x4_t

impl Clone for int16x8_t

impl Clone for int16x8x2_t

impl Clone for int16x8x3_t

impl Clone for int16x8x4_t

impl Clone for int32x2_t

Trait Clone

§How can I implement `Clone`?