Codegen Options

All of these options are passed to rustc via the -C flag, short for "codegen." You can see a version of this list for your exact compiler by running rustc -C help.

ar

This option is deprecated and does nothing.

code-model

This option lets you choose which code model to use.
Code models put constraints on address ranges that the program and its symbols may use.
With smaller address ranges machine instructions may be able to use more compact addressing modes.

The specific ranges depend on target architectures and addressing modes available to them.
For x86 more detailed description of its code models can be found in System V Application Binary Interface specification.

Supported values for this option are:

  • tiny - Tiny code model.
  • small - Small code model. This is the default model for majority of supported targets.
  • kernel - Kernel code model.
  • medium - Medium code model.
  • large - Large code model.

Supported values can also be discovered by running rustc --print code-models.

codegen-units

This flag controls the maximum number of code generation units the crate is split into. It takes an integer greater than 0.

When a crate is split into multiple codegen units, LLVM is able to process them in parallel. Increasing parallelism may speed up compile times, but may also produce slower code. Setting this to 1 may improve the performance of generated code, but may be slower to compile.

The default value, if not specified, is 16 for non-incremental builds. For incremental builds the default is 256 which allows caching to be more granular.

collapse-macro-debuginfo

This flag controls whether code locations from a macro definition are collapsed into a single location associated with that macro's call site, when generating debuginfo for this crate.

This option, if passed, overrides both default collapsing behavior and #[collapse_debuginfo] attributes in code.

  • y, yes, on, true: collapse code locations in debuginfo.
  • n, no, off or false: do not collapse code locations in debuginfo.
  • external: collapse code locations in debuginfo only if the macro comes from a different crate.

control-flow-guard

This flag controls whether LLVM enables the Windows Control Flow Guard platform security feature. This flag is currently ignored for non-Windows targets. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true, checks, or no value: enable Control Flow Guard.
  • nochecks: emit Control Flow Guard metadata without runtime enforcement checks (this should only be used for testing purposes as it does not provide security enforcement).
  • n, no, off, false: do not enable Control Flow Guard (the default).

debug-assertions

This flag lets you turn cfg(debug_assertions) conditional compilation on or off. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true, or no value: enable debug-assertions.
  • n, no, off or false: disable debug-assertions.

If not specified, debug assertions are automatically enabled only if the opt-level is 0.

debuginfo

This flag controls the generation of debug information. It takes one of the following values:

  • 0 or none: no debug info at all (the default).
  • line-directives-only: line info directives only. For the nvptx* targets this enables profiling. For other use cases, line-tables-only is the better, more compatible choice.
  • line-tables-only: line tables only. Generates the minimal amount of debug info for backtraces with filename/line number info, but not anything else, i.e. no variable or function parameter info.
  • 1 or limited: debug info without type or variable-level information.
  • 2 or full: full debug info.

Note: The -g flag is an alias for -C debuginfo=2.

default-linker-libraries

This flag controls whether or not the linker includes its default libraries. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true: include default libraries.
  • n, no, off or false or no value: exclude default libraries (the default).

For example, for gcc flavor linkers, this issues the -nodefaultlibs flag to the linker.

dlltool

On windows-gnu targets, this flag controls which dlltool rustc invokes to generate import libraries when using the raw-dylib link kind. It takes a path to the dlltool executable. If this flag is not specified, a dlltool executable will be inferred based on the host environment and target.

embed-bitcode

This flag controls whether or not the compiler embeds LLVM bitcode into object files. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true or no value: put bitcode in rlibs (the default).
  • n, no, off or false: omit bitcode from rlibs.

LLVM bitcode is required when rustc is performing link-time optimization (LTO). It is also required on some targets like iOS ones where vendors look for LLVM bitcode. Embedded bitcode will appear in rustc-generated object files inside of a section whose name is defined by the target platform. Most of the time this is .llvmbc.

The use of -C embed-bitcode=no can significantly improve compile times and reduce generated file sizes if your compilation does not actually need bitcode (e.g. if you're not compiling for iOS or you're not performing LTO). For these reasons, Cargo uses -C embed-bitcode=no whenever possible. Likewise, if you are building directly with rustc we recommend using -C embed-bitcode=no whenever you are not using LTO.

If combined with -C lto, -C embed-bitcode=no will cause rustc to abort at start-up, because the combination is invalid.

Note: if you're building Rust code with LTO then you probably don't even need the embed-bitcode option turned on. You'll likely want to use -Clinker-plugin-lto instead which skips generating object files entirely and simply replaces object files with LLVM bitcode. The only purpose for -Cembed-bitcode is when you're generating an rlib that is both being used with and without LTO. For example Rust's standard library ships with embedded bitcode since users link to it both with and without LTO.

This also may make you wonder why the default is yes for this option. The reason for that is that it's how it was for rustc 1.44 and prior. In 1.45 this option was added to turn off what had always been the default.

extra-filename

This option allows you to put extra data in each output filename. It takes a string to add as a suffix to the filename. See the --emit flag for more information.

force-frame-pointers

This flag forces the use of frame pointers. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true or no value: force-enable frame pointers.
  • n, no, off or false: do not force-enable frame pointers. This does not necessarily mean frame pointers will be removed.

The default behaviour, if frame pointers are not force-enabled, depends on the target.

force-unwind-tables

This flag forces the generation of unwind tables. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true or no value: Unwind tables are forced to be generated.
  • n, no, off or false: Unwind tables are not forced to be generated. If unwind tables are required by the target an error will be emitted.

The default if not specified depends on the target.

incremental

This flag allows you to enable incremental compilation, which allows rustc to save information after compiling a crate to be reused when recompiling the crate, improving re-compile times. This takes a path to a directory where incremental files will be stored.

inline-threshold

This option is deprecated and does nothing.

Consider using -Cllvm-args=--inline-threshold=....

instrument-coverage

This option enables instrumentation-based code coverage support. See the chapter on instrumentation-based code coverage for more information.

Note that while the -C instrument-coverage option is stable, the profile data format produced by the resulting instrumentation may change, and may not work with coverage tools other than those built and shipped with the compiler.

This flag lets you append a single extra argument to the linker invocation.

"Append" is significant; you can pass this flag multiple times to add multiple arguments.

This flag lets you append multiple extra arguments to the linker invocation. The options should be separated by spaces.

This flag controls whether the linker will keep dead code. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true or no value: keep dead code.
  • n, no, off or false: remove dead code (the default).

An example of when this flag might be useful is when trying to construct code coverage metrics.

On windows-gnu, linux-musl, and wasi targets, this flag controls whether the linker will use libraries and objects shipped with Rust instead of those in the system. It takes one of the following values:

  • no value: rustc will use heuristic to disable self-contained mode if system has necessary tools.
  • y, yes, on, true: use only libraries/objects shipped with Rust.
  • n, no, off or false: rely on the user or the linker to provide non-Rust libraries/objects.

This allows overriding cases when detection fails or user wants to use shipped libraries.

linker

This flag controls which linker rustc invokes to link your code. It takes a path to the linker executable. If this flag is not specified, the linker will be inferred based on the target. See also the linker-flavor flag for another way to specify the linker.

linker-flavor

This flag controls the linker flavor used by rustc. If a linker is given with the -C linker flag, then the linker flavor is inferred from the value provided. If no linker is given then the linker flavor is used to determine the linker to use. Every rustc target defaults to some linker flavor. Valid options are:

  • em: use Emscripten emcc.
  • gcc: use the cc executable, which is typically gcc or clang on many systems.
  • ld: use the ld executable.
  • msvc: use the link.exe executable from Microsoft Visual Studio MSVC.
  • wasm-ld: use the wasm-ld executable, a port of LLVM lld for WebAssembly.
  • ld64.lld: use the LLVM lld executable with the -flavor darwin flag for Apple's ld.
  • ld.lld: use the LLVM lld executable with the -flavor gnu flag for GNU binutils' ld.
  • lld-link: use the LLVM lld executable with the -flavor link flag for Microsoft's link.exe.

linker-plugin-lto

This flag defers LTO optimizations to the linker. See linker-plugin-LTO for more details. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true or no value: enable linker plugin LTO.
  • n, no, off or false: disable linker plugin LTO (the default).
  • A path to the linker plugin.

More specifically this flag will cause the compiler to replace its typical object file output with LLVM bitcode files. For example an rlib produced with -Clinker-plugin-lto will still have *.o files in it, but they'll all be LLVM bitcode instead of actual machine code. It is expected that the native platform linker is capable of loading these LLVM bitcode files and generating code at link time (typically after performing optimizations).

Note that rustc can also read its own object files produced with -Clinker-plugin-lto. If an rlib is only ever going to get used later with a -Clto compilation then you can pass -Clinker-plugin-lto to speed up compilation and avoid generating object files that aren't used.

llvm-args

This flag can be used to pass a list of arguments directly to LLVM.

The list must be separated by spaces.

Pass --help to see a list of options.

lto

This flag controls whether LLVM uses link time optimizations to produce better optimized code, using whole-program analysis, at the cost of longer linking time. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true, fat, or no value: perform "fat" LTO which attempts to perform optimizations across all crates within the dependency graph.
  • n, no, off, false: disables LTO.
  • thin: perform "thin" LTO. This is similar to "fat", but takes substantially less time to run while still achieving performance gains similar to "fat".

If -C lto is not specified, then the compiler will attempt to perform "thin local LTO" which performs "thin" LTO on the local crate only across its codegen units. When -C lto is not specified, LTO is disabled if codegen units is 1 or optimizations are disabled (-C opt-level=0). That is:

  • When -C lto is not specified:
    • codegen-units=1: disable LTO.
    • opt-level=0: disable LTO.
  • When -C lto is specified:
    • lto: 16 codegen units, perform fat LTO across crates.
    • codegen-units=1 + lto: 1 codegen unit, fat LTO across crates.

See also linker-plugin-lto for cross-language LTO.

metadata

This option allows you to control the metadata used for symbol mangling. This takes a space-separated list of strings. Mangled symbols will incorporate a hash of the metadata. This may be used, for example, to differentiate symbols between two different versions of the same crate being linked.

no-prepopulate-passes

This flag tells the pass manager to use an empty list of passes, instead of the usual pre-populated list of passes.

no-redzone

This flag allows you to disable the red zone. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true or no value: disable the red zone.
  • n, no, off or false: enable the red zone.

The default behaviour, if the flag is not specified, depends on the target.

no-stack-check

This option is deprecated and does nothing.

no-vectorize-loops

This flag disables loop vectorization.

no-vectorize-slp

This flag disables vectorization using superword-level parallelism.

opt-level

This flag controls the optimization level.

  • 0: no optimizations, also turns on cfg(debug_assertions) (the default).
  • 1: basic optimizations.
  • 2: some optimizations.
  • 3: all optimizations.
  • s: optimize for binary size.
  • z: optimize for binary size, but also turn off loop vectorization.

Note: The -O flag is an alias for -C opt-level=2.

The default is 0.

overflow-checks

This flag allows you to control the behavior of runtime integer overflow. When overflow-checks are enabled, a panic will occur on overflow. This flag takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true or no value: enable overflow checks.
  • n, no, off or false: disable overflow checks.

If not specified, overflow checks are enabled if debug-assertions are enabled, disabled otherwise.

panic

This option lets you control what happens when the code panics.

  • abort: terminate the process upon panic
  • unwind: unwind the stack upon panic

If not specified, the default depends on the target.

passes

This flag can be used to add extra LLVM passes to the compilation.

The list must be separated by spaces.

See also the no-prepopulate-passes flag.

prefer-dynamic

By default, rustc prefers to statically link dependencies. This option will indicate that dynamic linking should be used if possible if both a static and dynamic versions of a library are available.

There is an internal algorithm for determining whether or not it is possible to statically or dynamically link with a dependency.

This flag takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true or no value: prefer dynamic linking.
  • n, no, off or false: prefer static linking (the default).

profile-generate

This flag allows for creating instrumented binaries that will collect profiling data for use with profile-guided optimization (PGO). The flag takes an optional argument which is the path to a directory into which the instrumented binary will emit the collected data. See the chapter on profile-guided optimization for more information.

profile-use

This flag specifies the profiling data file to be used for profile-guided optimization (PGO). The flag takes a mandatory argument which is the path to a valid .profdata file. See the chapter on profile-guided optimization for more information.

relocation-model

This option controls generation of position-independent code (PIC).

Supported values for this option are:

Primary relocation models

  • static - non-relocatable code, machine instructions may use absolute addressing modes.

  • pic - fully relocatable position independent code, machine instructions need to use relative addressing modes.
    Equivalent to the "uppercase" -fPIC or -fPIE options in other compilers, depending on the produced crate types.
    This is the default model for majority of supported targets.

  • pie - position independent executable, relocatable code but without support for symbol interpositioning (replacing symbols by name using LD_PRELOAD and similar). Equivalent to the "uppercase" -fPIE option in other compilers. pie code cannot be linked into shared libraries (you'll get a linking error on attempt to do this).

Special relocation models

  • dynamic-no-pic - relocatable external references, non-relocatable code.
    Only makes sense on Darwin and is rarely used.
    If StackOverflow tells you to use this as an opt-out of PIC or PIE, don't believe it, use -C relocation-model=static instead.
  • ropi, rwpi and ropi-rwpi - relocatable code and read-only data, relocatable read-write data, and combination of both, respectively.
    Only makes sense for certain embedded ARM targets.
  • default - relocation model default to the current target.
    Only makes sense as an override for some other explicitly specified relocation model previously set on the command line.

Supported values can also be discovered by running rustc --print relocation-models.

Linking effects

In addition to codegen effects, relocation-model has effects during linking.

If the relocation model is pic and the current target supports position-independent executables (PIE), the linker will be instructed (-pie) to produce one.
If the target doesn't support both position-independent and statically linked executables, then -C target-feature=+crt-static "wins" over -C relocation-model=pic, and the linker is instructed (-static) to produce a statically linked but not position-independent executable.

relro-level

This flag controls what level of RELRO (Relocation Read-Only) is enabled. RELRO is an exploit mitigation which makes the Global Offset Table (GOT) read-only.

Supported values for this option are:

  • off: Dynamically linked functions are resolved lazily and the GOT is writable.
  • partial: Dynamically linked functions are resolved lazily and written into the Procedure Linking Table (PLT) part of the GOT (.got.plt). The non-PLT part of the GOT (.got) is made read-only and both are moved to prevent writing from buffer overflows.
  • full: Dynamically linked functions are resolved at the start of program execution and the Global Offset Table (.got/.got.plt) is populated eagerly and then made read-only. The GOT is also moved to prevent writing from buffer overflows. Full RELRO uses more memory and increases process startup time.

This flag is ignored on platforms where RELRO is not supported (targets which do not use the ELF binary format), such as Windows or macOS. Each rustc target has its own default for RELRO. rustc enables Full RELRO by default on platforms where it is supported.

remark

This flag lets you print remarks for optimization passes.

The list of passes should be separated by spaces.

all will remark on every pass.

rpath

This flag controls whether rpath is enabled. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true or no value: enable rpath.
  • n, no, off or false: disable rpath (the default).

save-temps

This flag controls whether temporary files generated during compilation are deleted once compilation finishes. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true or no value: save temporary files.
  • n, no, off or false: delete temporary files (the default).

soft-float

This option controls whether rustc generates code that emulates floating point instructions in software. It takes one of the following values:

  • y, yes, on, true or no value: use soft floats.
  • n, no, off or false: use hardware floats (the default).

split-debuginfo

This option controls the emission of "split debuginfo" for debug information that rustc generates. The default behavior of this option is platform-specific, and not all possible values for this option work on all platforms. Possible values are:

  • off - This is the default for platforms with ELF binaries and windows-gnu (not Windows MSVC and not macOS). This typically means that DWARF debug information can be found in the final artifact in sections of the executable. This option is not supported on Windows MSVC. On macOS this options prevents the final execution of dsymutil to generate debuginfo.

  • packed - This is the default for Windows MSVC and macOS. The term "packed" here means that all the debug information is packed into a separate file from the main executable. On Windows MSVC this is a *.pdb file, on macOS this is a *.dSYM folder, and on other platforms this is a *.dwp file.

  • unpacked - This means that debug information will be found in separate files for each compilation unit (object file). This is not supported on Windows MSVC. On macOS this means the original object files will contain debug information. On other Unix platforms this means that *.dwo files will contain debug information.

Note that all three options are supported on Linux and Apple platforms, packed is supported on Windows-MSVC, and all other platforms support off. Attempting to use an unsupported option requires using the nightly channel with the -Z unstable-options flag.

strip

The option -C strip=val controls stripping of debuginfo and similar auxiliary data from binaries during linking.

Supported values for this option are:

  • none - debuginfo and symbols are not modified.
  • debuginfo - debuginfo sections and debuginfo symbols from the symbol table section are stripped at link time and are not copied to the produced binary. This should leave backtraces mostly-intact but may make using a debugger like gdb or lldb ineffectual. Prior to 1.79, this unintentionally disabled the generation of *.pdb files on MSVC, resulting in the absence of symbols.
  • symbols - same as debuginfo, but the rest of the symbol table section is stripped as well, depending on platform support. On platforms which depend on this symbol table for backtraces, profiling, and similar, this can affect them so negatively as to make the trace incomprehensible. Programs which may be combined with others, such as CLI pipelines and developer tooling, or even anything which wants crash-reporting, should usually avoid -Cstrip=symbols.

Note that, at any level, removing debuginfo only necessarily impacts "friendly" introspection. -Cstrip cannot be relied on as a meaningful security or obfuscation measure, as disassemblers and decompilers can extract considerable information even in the absence of symbols.

symbol-mangling-version

This option controls the name mangling format for encoding Rust item names for the purpose of generating object code and linking.

Supported values for this option are:

  • v0 — The "v0" mangling scheme.

The default, if not specified, will use a compiler-chosen default which may change in the future.

See the Symbol Mangling chapter for details on symbol mangling and the mangling format.

target-cpu

This instructs rustc to generate code specifically for a particular processor.

You can run rustc --print target-cpus to see the valid options to pass and the default target CPU for the current build target. Each target has a default base CPU. Special values include:

  • native can be passed to use the processor of the host machine.
  • generic refers to an LLVM target with minimal features but modern tuning.

target-feature

Individual targets will support different features; this flag lets you control enabling or disabling a feature. Each feature should be prefixed with a + to enable it or - to disable it.

Features from multiple -C target-feature options are combined.
Multiple features can be specified in a single option by separating them with commas - -C target-feature=+x,-y.
If some feature is specified more than once with both + and -, then values passed later override values passed earlier.
For example, -C target-feature=+x,-y,+z -Ctarget-feature=-x,+y is equivalent to -C target-feature=-x,+y,+z.

To see the valid options and an example of use, run rustc --print target-features.

Using this flag is unsafe and might result in undefined runtime behavior.

See also the target_feature attribute for controlling features per-function.

This also supports the feature +crt-static and -crt-static to control static C runtime linkage.

Each target and target-cpu has a default set of enabled features.

tune-cpu

This instructs rustc to schedule code specifically for a particular processor. This does not affect the compatibility (instruction sets or ABI), but should make your code slightly more efficient on the selected CPU.

The valid options are the same as those for target-cpu. The default is None, which LLVM translates as the target-cpu.

This is an unstable option. Use -Z tune-cpu=machine to specify a value.

Due to limitations in LLVM (12.0.0-git9218f92), this option is currently effective only for x86 targets.