Module alloc::collections::binary_heap
1.0.0 · source · Expand description
A priority queue implemented with a binary heap.
Insertion and popping the largest element have O(log(n)) time complexity. Checking the largest element is O(1). Converting a vector to a binary heap can be done in-place, and has O(n) complexity. A binary heap can also be converted to a sorted vector in-place, allowing it to be used for an O(n * log(n)) in-place heapsort.
§Examples
This is a larger example that implements Dijkstra’s algorithm
to solve the shortest path problem on a directed graph.
It shows how to use BinaryHeap
with custom types.
use std::cmp::Ordering;
use std::collections::BinaryHeap;
#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
struct State {
cost: usize,
position: usize,
}
// The priority queue depends on `Ord`.
// Explicitly implement the trait so the queue becomes a min-heap
// instead of a max-heap.
impl Ord for State {
fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
// Notice that we flip the ordering on costs.
// In case of a tie we compare positions - this step is necessary
// to make implementations of `PartialEq` and `Ord` consistent.
other.cost.cmp(&self.cost)
.then_with(|| self.position.cmp(&other.position))
}
}
// `PartialOrd` needs to be implemented as well.
impl PartialOrd for State {
fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
Some(self.cmp(other))
}
}
// Each node is represented as a `usize`, for a shorter implementation.
struct Edge {
node: usize,
cost: usize,
}
// Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm.
// Start at `start` and use `dist` to track the current shortest distance
// to each node. This implementation isn't memory-efficient as it may leave duplicate
// nodes in the queue. It also uses `usize::MAX` as a sentinel value,
// for a simpler implementation.
fn shortest_path(adj_list: &Vec<Vec<Edge>>, start: usize, goal: usize) -> Option<usize> {
// dist[node] = current shortest distance from `start` to `node`
let mut dist: Vec<_> = (0..adj_list.len()).map(|_| usize::MAX).collect();
let mut heap = BinaryHeap::new();
// We're at `start`, with a zero cost
dist[start] = 0;
heap.push(State { cost: 0, position: start });
// Examine the frontier with lower cost nodes first (min-heap)
while let Some(State { cost, position }) = heap.pop() {
// Alternatively we could have continued to find all shortest paths
if position == goal { return Some(cost); }
// Important as we may have already found a better way
if cost > dist[position] { continue; }
// For each node we can reach, see if we can find a way with
// a lower cost going through this node
for edge in &adj_list[position] {
let next = State { cost: cost + edge.cost, position: edge.node };
// If so, add it to the frontier and continue
if next.cost < dist[next.position] {
heap.push(next);
// Relaxation, we have now found a better way
dist[next.position] = next.cost;
}
}
}
// Goal not reachable
None
}
fn main() {
// This is the directed graph we're going to use.
// The node numbers correspond to the different states,
// and the edge weights symbolize the cost of moving
// from one node to another.
// Note that the edges are one-way.
//
// 7
// +-----------------+
// | |
// v 1 2 | 2
// 0 -----> 1 -----> 3 ---> 4
// | ^ ^ ^
// | | 1 | |
// | | | 3 | 1
// +------> 2 -------+ |
// 10 | |
// +---------------+
//
// The graph is represented as an adjacency list where each index,
// corresponding to a node value, has a list of outgoing edges.
// Chosen for its efficiency.
let graph = vec![
// Node 0
vec![Edge { node: 2, cost: 10 },
Edge { node: 1, cost: 1 }],
// Node 1
vec![Edge { node: 3, cost: 2 }],
// Node 2
vec![Edge { node: 1, cost: 1 },
Edge { node: 3, cost: 3 },
Edge { node: 4, cost: 1 }],
// Node 3
vec![Edge { node: 0, cost: 7 },
Edge { node: 4, cost: 2 }],
// Node 4
vec![]];
assert_eq!(shortest_path(&graph, 0, 1), Some(1));
assert_eq!(shortest_path(&graph, 0, 3), Some(3));
assert_eq!(shortest_path(&graph, 3, 0), Some(7));
assert_eq!(shortest_path(&graph, 0, 4), Some(5));
assert_eq!(shortest_path(&graph, 4, 0), None);
}
RunStructs§
- A priority queue implemented with a binary heap.
- A draining iterator over the elements of a
BinaryHeap
. - An owning iterator over the elements of a
BinaryHeap
. - An iterator over the elements of a
BinaryHeap
. - Structure wrapping a mutable reference to the greatest item on a
BinaryHeap
. - DrainSortedExperimentalA draining iterator over the elements of a
BinaryHeap
. - IntoIterSortedExperimental