alloc/
macros.rs

1/// Creates a [`Vec`] containing the arguments.
2///
3/// `vec!` allows `Vec`s to be defined with the same syntax as array expressions.
4/// There are two forms of this macro:
5///
6/// - Create a [`Vec`] containing a given list of elements:
7///
8/// ```
9/// let v = vec![1, 2, 3];
10/// assert_eq!(v[0], 1);
11/// assert_eq!(v[1], 2);
12/// assert_eq!(v[2], 3);
13/// ```
14///
15/// - Create a [`Vec`] from a given element and size:
16///
17/// ```
18/// let v = vec![1; 3];
19/// assert_eq!(v, [1, 1, 1]);
20/// ```
21///
22/// Note that unlike array expressions this syntax supports all elements
23/// which implement [`Clone`] and the number of elements doesn't have to be
24/// a constant.
25///
26/// This will use `clone` to duplicate an expression, so one should be careful
27/// using this with types having a nonstandard `Clone` implementation. For
28/// example, `vec![Rc::new(1); 5]` will create a vector of five references
29/// to the same boxed integer value, not five references pointing to independently
30/// boxed integers.
31///
32/// Also, note that `vec![expr; 0]` is allowed, and produces an empty vector.
33/// This will still evaluate `expr`, however, and immediately drop the resulting value, so
34/// be mindful of side effects.
35///
36/// [`Vec`]: crate::vec::Vec
37#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), not(test)))]
38#[macro_export]
39#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
40#[rustc_diagnostic_item = "vec_macro"]
41#[allow_internal_unstable(rustc_attrs, liballoc_internals)]
42macro_rules! vec {
43    () => (
44        $crate::vec::Vec::new()
45    );
46    ($elem:expr; $n:expr) => (
47        $crate::vec::from_elem($elem, $n)
48    );
49    ($($x:expr),+ $(,)?) => (
50        <[_]>::into_vec(
51            // Using the intrinsic produces a dramatic improvement in stack usage for
52            // unoptimized programs using this code path to construct large Vecs.
53            $crate::boxed::box_new([$($x),+])
54        )
55    );
56}
57
58// HACK(japaric): with cfg(test) the inherent `[T]::into_vec` method, which is
59// required for this macro definition, is not available. Instead use the
60// `slice::into_vec`  function which is only available with cfg(test)
61// NB see the slice::hack module in slice.rs for more information
62#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), test))]
63#[allow(unused_macro_rules)]
64macro_rules! vec {
65    () => (
66        $crate::vec::Vec::new()
67    );
68    ($elem:expr; $n:expr) => (
69        $crate::vec::from_elem($elem, $n)
70    );
71    ($($x:expr),*) => (
72        $crate::slice::into_vec($crate::boxed::Box::new([$($x),*]))
73    );
74    ($($x:expr,)*) => (vec![$($x),*])
75}
76
77/// Creates a `String` using interpolation of runtime expressions.
78///
79/// The first argument `format!` receives is a format string. This must be a string
80/// literal. The power of the formatting string is in the `{}`s contained.
81/// Additional parameters passed to `format!` replace the `{}`s within the
82/// formatting string in the order given unless named or positional parameters
83/// are used.
84///
85/// See [the formatting syntax documentation in `std::fmt`](../std/fmt/index.html)
86/// for details.
87///
88/// A common use for `format!` is concatenation and interpolation of strings.
89/// The same convention is used with [`print!`] and [`write!`] macros,
90/// depending on the intended destination of the string; all these macros internally use [`format_args!`].
91///
92/// To convert a single value to a string, use the [`to_string`] method. This
93/// will use the [`Display`] formatting trait.
94///
95/// To concatenate literals into a `&'static str`, use the [`concat!`] macro.
96///
97/// [`print!`]: ../std/macro.print.html
98/// [`write!`]: core::write
99/// [`format_args!`]: core::format_args
100/// [`to_string`]: crate::string::ToString
101/// [`Display`]: core::fmt::Display
102/// [`concat!`]: core::concat
103///
104/// # Panics
105///
106/// `format!` panics if a formatting trait implementation returns an error.
107/// This indicates an incorrect implementation
108/// since `fmt::Write for String` never returns an error itself.
109///
110/// # Examples
111///
112/// ```
113/// # #![allow(unused_must_use)]
114/// format!("test");                             // => "test"
115/// format!("hello {}", "world!");               // => "hello world!"
116/// format!("x = {}, y = {val}", 10, val = 30);  // => "x = 10, y = 30"
117/// let (x, y) = (1, 2);
118/// format!("{x} + {y} = 3");                    // => "1 + 2 = 3"
119/// ```
120#[macro_export]
121#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
122#[allow_internal_unstable(hint_must_use, liballoc_internals)]
123#[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "format_macro")]
124macro_rules! format {
125    ($($arg:tt)*) => {
126        $crate::__export::must_use({
127            let res = $crate::fmt::format($crate::__export::format_args!($($arg)*));
128            res
129        })
130    }
131}