1.1 Unique vectors

Vectors have O(1) indexing, push (to the end) and pop (from the end). Vectors are the most common container in Rust, and are flexible enough to fit many use cases.

Vectors can also be sorted and used as efficient lookup tables with the bsearch() method, if all the elements are inserted at one time and deletions are unnecessary.

1.2 Maps and sets

Maps are collections of unique keys with corresponding values, and sets are just unique keys without a corresponding value. The Map and Set traits in std::container define the basic interface.

The standard library provides three owned map/set types:

• std::hashmap::HashMap and std::hashmap::HashSet, requiring the keys to implement Eq and Hash
• std::trie::TrieMap and std::trie::TrieSet, requiring the keys to be uint
• extra::treemap::TreeMap and extra::treemap::TreeSet, requiring the keys to implement TotalOrd

These maps do not use managed pointers so they can be sent between tasks as long as the key and value types are sendable. Neither the key or value type has to be copyable.

The TrieMap and TreeMap maps are ordered, while HashMap uses an arbitrary order.

Each HashMap instance has a random 128-bit key to use with a keyed hash, making the order of a set of keys in a given hash table randomized. Rust provides a SipHash implementation for any type implementing the IterBytes trait.

1.3 Double-ended queues

The extra::ringbuf module implements a double-ended queue with O(1) amortized inserts and removals from both ends of the container. It also has O(1) indexing like a vector. The contained elements are not required to be copyable, and the queue will be sendable if the contained type is sendable. Its interface Deque is defined in extra::collections.

The extra::dlist module implements a double-ended linked list, also implementing the Deque trait, with O(1) removals and inserts at either end, and O(1) concatenation.

1.4 Priority queues

The extra::priority_queue module implements a queue ordered by a key. The contained elements are not required to be copyable, and the queue will be sendable if the contained type is sendable.

Insertions have O(log n) time complexity and checking or popping the largest element is O(1). Converting a vector to a priority queue can be done in-place, and has O(n) complexity. A priority queue can also be converted to a sorted vector in-place, allowing it to be used for an O(n log n) in-place heapsort.

2.1 Iteration protocol

The iteration protocol is defined by the Iterator trait in the std::iterator module. The minimal implementation of the trait is a next method, yielding the next element from an iterator object:

/// An infinite stream of zeroes
struct ZeroStream;

impl Iterator<int> for ZeroStream {
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<int> {
        Some(0)
    }
}

Reaching the end of the iterator is signalled by returning None instead of Some(item):

/// A stream of N zeroes
struct ZeroStream {
    priv remaining: uint
}

impl ZeroStream {
    fn new(n: uint) -> ZeroStream {
        ZeroStream { remaining: n }
    }
}

impl Iterator<int> for ZeroStream {
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<int> {
        if self.remaining == 0 {
            None
        } else {
            self.remaining -= 1;
            Some(0)
        }
    }
}

In general, you cannot rely on the behavior of the next() method after it has returned None. Some iterators may return None forever. Others may behave differently.

2.2 Container iterators

Containers implement iteration over the contained elements by returning an iterator object. For example, vector slices several iterators available:

• iter() and rev_iter(), for immutable references to the elements
• mut_iter() and mut_rev_iter(), for mutable references to the elements
• move_iter() and move_rev_iter(), to move the elements out by-value

A typical mutable container will implement at least iter(), mut_iter() and move_iter() along with the reverse variants if it maintains an order.

let mut xs = [1, 2, 3];
{
    let _it = xs.iter();

    // the vector is frozen for this scope, the compiler will statically
    // prevent modification
}
// the vector becomes unfrozen again at the end of the scope

2.3 Iterator adaptors

The Iterator trait provides many common algorithms as default methods. For example, the fold method will accumulate the items yielded by an Iterator into a single value:

let xs = [1, 9, 2, 3, 14, 12];
let result = xs.iter().fold(0, |accumulator, item| accumulator - *item);
assert_eq!(result, -41);

Most adaptors return an adaptor object implementing the Iterator trait itself:

let xs = [1, 9, 2, 3, 14, 12];
let ys = [5, 2, 1, 8];
let sum = xs.iter().chain(ys.iter()).fold(0, |a, b| a + *b);
assert_eq!(sum, 57);

Some iterator adaptors may return None before exhausting the underlying iterator. Additionally, if these iterator adaptors are called again after returning None, they may call their underlying iterator again even if the adaptor will continue to return None forever. This may not be desired if the underlying iterator has side-effects.

In order to provide a guarantee about behavior once None has been returned, an iterator adaptor named fuse() is provided. This returns an iterator that will never call its underlying iterator again once None has been returned:

let xs = [1,2,3,4,5];
let mut calls = 0;
let it = xs.iter().scan((), |_, x| {
    calls += 1;
    if *x < 3 { Some(x) } else { None }});
// the iterator will only yield 1 and 2 before returning None
// If we were to call it 5 times, calls would end up as 5, despite only 2 values
// being yielded (and therefore 3 unique calls being made). The fuse() adaptor
// can fix this.
let mut it = it.fuse();
it.next();
it.next();
it.next();
it.next();
it.next();
assert_eq!(calls, 3);

2.4 For loops

The function range (or range_inclusive) allows to simply iterate through a given range:

for i in range(0, 5) {
  print!("{} ", i) // prints "0 1 2 3 4"
}

for i in std::iter::range_inclusive(0, 5) { // needs explicit import
  print!("{} ", i) // prints "0 1 2 3 4 5"
}

The for keyword can be used as sugar for iterating through any iterator:

let xs = [2u, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17];

// print out all the elements in the vector
for x in xs.iter() {
    println(x.to_str())
}

// print out all but the first 3 elements in the vector
for x in xs.iter().skip(3) {
    println(x.to_str())
}

For loops are often used with a temporary iterator object, as above. They can also advance the state of an iterator in a mutable location:

let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let ys = ["foo", "bar", "baz", "foobar"];

// create an iterator yielding tuples of elements from both vectors
let mut it = xs.iter().zip(ys.iter());

// print out the pairs of elements up to (&3, &"baz")
for (x, y) in it {
    println!("{} {}", *x, *y);

    if *x == 3 {
        break;
    }
}

// yield and print the last pair from the iterator
println!("last: {:?}", it.next());

// the iterator is now fully consumed
assert!(it.next().is_none());

2.5 Conversion

Iterators offer generic conversion to containers with the collect adaptor:

let xs = [0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8];
let ys = xs.rev_iter().skip(1).map(|&x| x * 2).collect::<~[int]>();
assert_eq!(ys, ~[10, 6, 4, 2, 2, 0]);

The method requires a type hint for the container type, if the surrounding code does not provide sufficient information.

Containers can provide conversion from iterators through collect by implementing the FromIterator trait. For example, the implementation for vectors is as follows:

impl<A> FromIterator<A> for ~[A] {
    pub fn from_iterator<T: Iterator<A>>(iterator: &mut T) -> ~[A] {
        let (lower, _) = iterator.size_hint();
        let mut xs = with_capacity(lower);
        for x in iterator {
            xs.push(x);
        }
        xs
    }
}

fn size_hint(&self) -> (uint, Option<uint>) { (0, None) }

/// A stream of N zeroes
struct ZeroStream {
    priv remaining: uint
}

impl ZeroStream {
    fn new(n: uint) -> ZeroStream {
        ZeroStream { remaining: n }
    }

    fn size_hint(&self) -> (uint, Option<uint>) {
        (self.remaining, Some(self.remaining))
    }
}

impl Iterator<int> for ZeroStream {
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<int> {
        if self.remaining == 0 {
            None
        } else {
            self.remaining -= 1;
            Some(0)
        }
    }
}

2.6 Double-ended iterators

The DoubleEndedIterator trait represents an iterator able to yield elements from either end of a range. It inherits from the Iterator trait and extends it with the next_back function.

A DoubleEndedIterator can be flipped with the invert adaptor, returning another DoubleEndedIterator with next and next_back exchanged.

let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
let mut it = xs.iter();
println!("{:?}", it.next()); // prints `Some(&1)`
println!("{:?}", it.next()); // prints `Some(&2)`
println!("{:?}", it.next_back()); // prints `Some(&6)`

// prints `5`, `4` and `3`
for &x in it.invert() {
    println!("{}", x)
}

The rev_iter and mut_rev_iter methods on vectors just return an inverted version of the standard immutable and mutable vector iterators.

The chain, map, filter, filter_map and inspect adaptors are DoubleEndedIterator implementations if the underlying iterators are.

let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4];
let ys = [5, 6, 7, 8];
let mut it = xs.iter().chain(ys.iter()).map(|&x| x * 2);

println!("{:?}", it.next()); // prints `Some(2)`

// prints `16`, `14`, `12`, `10`, `8`, `6`, `4`
for x in it.invert() {
    println!("{}", x);
}

The reverse_ method is also available for any double-ended iterator yielding mutable references. It can be used to reverse a container in-place. Note that the trailing underscore is a workaround for issue #5898 and will be removed.

let mut ys = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
ys.mut_iter().reverse_();
assert_eq!(ys, [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);

2.7 Random-access iterators

The RandomAccessIterator trait represents an iterator offering random access to the whole range. The indexable method retrieves the number of elements accessible with the idx method.

The chain adaptor is an implementation of RandomAccessIterator if the underlying iterators are.

let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let ys = ~[7, 9, 11];
let mut it = xs.iter().chain(ys.iter());
println!("{:?}", it.idx(0)); // prints `Some(&1)`
println!("{:?}", it.idx(5)); // prints `Some(&7)`
println!("{:?}", it.idx(7)); // prints `Some(&11)`
println!("{:?}", it.idx(8)); // prints `None`

// yield two elements from the beginning, and one from the end
it.next();
it.next();
it.next_back();

println!("{:?}", it.idx(0)); // prints `Some(&3)`
println!("{:?}", it.idx(4)); // prints `Some(&9)`
println!("{:?}", it.idx(6)); // prints `None`